Consider the following:

1. Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops.
2. Use of mobile cannons in warfare.
3. Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies.

Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?

Key Fact(s)

The assessment of land revenue based on soil fertility and crop quality was practiced much earlier under medieval Indian rulers, notably during the Mughal period, especially under Akbar’s Ain-i-Dahsala system. The use of mobile cannons in warfare was introduced into India by Babur at the First Battle of Panipat (1526), long before the advent of British rule.

Similarly, the cultivation of tobacco and red chillies was introduced by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The English later institutionalized and expanded some of these practices but did not introduce them originally. Hence, none of the given items can be attributed to the English as original introductions.