With reference to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, consider the following statements:

1. El Niño is associated with the warming of surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. During El Niño years, India generally experiences above-normal monsoon rainfall.
3. La Niña conditions are often associated with stronger trade winds.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Key Fact(s)

The ENSO is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. During El Niño events, weakened trade winds allow warm water to shift eastward, disrupting global atmospheric circulation patterns. La Niña represents cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the same region and is associated with intensified Walker Circulation. ENSO significantly influences weather patterns across Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas. It affects agriculture, fisheries, and disaster frequency worldwide. The Southern Oscillation component refers to changes in air pressure between Tahiti and Darwin.